归并排序
归并排序(Merge sort)是建立在归并操作上的一种有效的排序算法。该算法是采用分治法(Divide and Conquer)的一个非常典型的应用。
作为一种典型的分而治之思想的算法应用,归并排序的实现由两种方法: - 自上而下的递归(所有递归的方法都可以用迭代重写,所以就有了第 2 种方法); - 自下而上的迭代;
在《数据结构与算法 JavaScript 描述》中,作者给出了自下而上的迭代方法。但是对于递归法,作者却认为:
However, it is not possible to do so in JavaScript, as the recursion goes too deep for the language to handle.
然而,在 JavaScript 中这种方式不太可行,因为这个算法的递归深度对它来讲太深了。
说实话,我不太理解这句话。意思是 JavaScript 编译器内存太小,递归太深容易造成内存溢出吗?还望有大神能够指教。
和选择排序一样,归并排序的性能不受输入数据的影响,但表现比选择排序好的多,因为始终都是 O(nlogn) 的时间复杂度。代价是需要额外的内存空间。
2. 算法步骤
-
申请空间,使其大小为两个已经排序序列之和,该空间用来存放合并后的序列;
-
设定两个指针,最初位置分别为两个已经排序序列的起始位置;
-
比较两个指针所指向的元素,选择相对小的元素放入到合并空间,并移动指针到下一位置;
-
重复步骤 3 直到某一指针达到序列尾;
-
将另一序列剩下的所有元素直接复制到合并序列尾。
3. 动图演示
4. JavaScript 代码实现
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31 | function mergeSort(arr) { // 采用自上而下的递归方法
var len = arr.length;
if(len < 2) {
return arr;
}
var middle = Math.floor(len / 2),
left = arr.slice(0, middle),
right = arr.slice(middle);
return merge(mergeSort(left), mergeSort(right));
}
function merge(left, right)
{
var result = [];
while (left.length && right.length) {
if (left[0] <= right[0]) {
result.push(left.shift());
} else {
result.push(right.shift());
}
}
while (left.length)
result.push(left.shift());
while (right.length)
result.push(right.shift());
return result;
}
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5. Python 代码实现
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20 | def mergeSort(arr):
import math
if(len(arr)<2):
return arr
middle = math.floor(len(arr)/2)
left, right = arr[0:middle], arr[middle:]
return merge(mergeSort(left), mergeSort(right))
def merge(left,right):
result = []
while left and right:
if left[0] <= right[0]:
result.append(left.pop(0));
else:
result.append(right.pop(0));
while left:
result.append(left.pop(0));
while right:
result.append(right.pop(0));
return result
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6. Go 代码实现
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35 | func mergeSort(arr []int) []int {
length := len(arr)
if length < 2 {
return arr
}
middle := length / 2
left := arr[0:middle]
right := arr[middle:]
return merge(mergeSort(left), mergeSort(right))
}
func merge(left []int, right []int) []int {
var result []int
for len(left) != 0 && len(right) != 0 {
if left[0] <= right[0] {
result = append(result, left[0])
left = left[1:]
} else {
result = append(result, right[0])
right = right[1:]
}
}
for len(left) != 0 {
result = append(result, left[0])
left = left[1:]
}
for len(right) != 0 {
result = append(result, right[0])
right = right[1:]
}
return result
}
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7. Java 代码实现
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45 | public class MergeSort implements IArraySort {
@Override
public int[] sort(int[] sourceArray) throws Exception {
// 对 arr 进行拷贝,不改变参数内容
int[] arr = Arrays.copyOf(sourceArray, sourceArray.length);
if (arr.length < 2) {
return arr;
}
int middle = (int) Math.floor(arr.length / 2);
int[] left = Arrays.copyOfRange(arr, 0, middle);
int[] right = Arrays.copyOfRange(arr, middle, arr.length);
return merge(sort(left), sort(right));
}
protected int[] merge(int[] left, int[] right) {
int[] result = new int[left.length + right.length];
int i = 0;
while (left.length > 0 && right.length > 0) {
if (left[0] <= right[0]) {
result[i++] = left[0];
left = Arrays.copyOfRange(left, 1, left.length);
} else {
result[i++] = right[0];
right = Arrays.copyOfRange(right, 1, right.length);
}
}
while (left.length > 0) {
result[i++] = left[0];
left = Arrays.copyOfRange(left, 1, left.length);
}
while (right.length > 0) {
result[i++] = right[0];
right = Arrays.copyOfRange(right, 1, right.length);
}
return result;
}
}
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8. PHP 代码实现
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32 | function mergeSort($arr)
{
$len = count($arr);
if ($len < 2) {
return $arr;
}
$middle = floor($len / 2);
$left = array_slice($arr, 0, $middle);
$right = array_slice($arr, $middle);
return merge(mergeSort($left), mergeSort($right));
}
function merge($left, $right)
{
$result = [];
while (count($left) > 0 && count($right) > 0) {
if ($left[0] <= $right[0]) {
$result[] = array_shift($left);
} else {
$result[] = array_shift($right);
}
}
while (count($left))
$result[] = array_shift($left);
while (count($right))
$result[] = array_shift($right);
return $result;
}
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9. C++ 代码实现
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32 | void merge(vector<int>& arr, int l, int mid, int r) {
int index = 0;
int ptrL = l;
int ptrR = mid;
static vector<int>tempary;
if (arr.size() > tempary.size()) {
tempary.resize(arr.size());
}
while (ptrL != mid && ptrR != r) {
if (arr[ptrL] < arr[ptrR]) {
tempary[index++] = arr[ptrL++];
} else {
tempary[index++] = arr[ptrR++];
}
}
while (ptrL != mid) {
tempary[index++] = arr[ptrL++];
}
while (ptrR != r) {
tempary[index++] = arr[ptrR++];
}
copy(tempary.begin(), tempary.begin() + index, arr.begin() + l);
}
void mergeSort(vector<int>& arr, int l, int r) { // sort the range [l, r) in arr
if (r - l <= 1) {
return;
}
int mid = (l + r) / 2;
mergeSort(arr, l, mid);
mergeSort(arr, mid, r);
merge(arr, l, mid, r);
}
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